GS 1 - Notes on Indian Society

Salient Features - Diversity Of India. Keyword: Composite Nationalism. Communalism, Regionalism, Secularism - Social Empowerment. Keyword: Confidence building measures.

Has the formation of linguistic States strengthened the cause of Indian Unity?

Why are the tribals in India referred to as the Scheduled Tribes? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment.

What is the basis of regionalism? Is it that unequal distribution of benefits of development on regional basis eventually promotes regionalism? Substantiate your answer.

Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, despite having divergent approaches and strategies, had a common goal of amelioration of the downtrodden. Elucidate.

Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative significance in building a national identity.

Debate the issue of whether and how contemporary movements for assertion of Dalit identity work towards annihilation of caste.

How do the Indian debates on secularism differ from the debates in the West?

Growing feeling of regionalism is an important factor in the generation of demand for a separate state. Discuss.

Effects Of Globalization On Indian Society

Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India. (2013, Asked about Globalization effect on Elderly)

To what extent globalization has influenced the core of cultural diversity in India? Explain.

Critically examine the effects of globalization on the aged population in India.

Poverty, Development, Population And Associated Issues.

“An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from deprivation.” Substantiate this statement with suitable examples

Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the main cause of population increase in India.

Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the last four decades.

The life cycle of a joint family depends on economic factors rather than social values. Discuss.

Role Of Women And Women's Organization

Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India. (2013, Asked about Globalization effect on Elderly)

How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes?

How does patriarchy impact the position of a middle class working woman in India?

Discuss the various economic and socio-cultural forces that are driving increasing feminization of agriculture in India.

Why do some of the most prosperous regions of India have an adverse sex ratio for women? Give your arguments.

Male membership needs to be encouraged in order to make women’s organization free from gender bias. Comment.

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Prelim cum Mains via Images / Notes:

• Jiyo Parsi scheme is to reverse the declining trend of Parsi population by adopting a scientific protocol and structured interventions, stabilize their population and increase the population of Parsis in India. 

• We eat in private, defecate in open. 

• Satyakama and the fundamental question over one’s identity – leads on to believe that a ‘Brahmin isn’t born, but becomes.’

Below are terminologies to get an understanding of so you can answer Mains questions: 

Social justice		is the equal distribution of resources and opportunities, in which outside factors that categorize people are irrelevant.
Pressure group:		These are bodies concerned with specific programmes and issues and their activities are confined to the protection and promotion of the interests of their members by influencing the government.
Nationalism:		an extreme form of patriotism marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries // is feeling of oneness among the citizens. It is on account of shared history and territory. The problem is - nationalism - it shows the limits of the nationalist project. There's a difference between real citizenship and formal citizenship on the ground (Whites and African-Americans). We must not follow the west. The spiritual forces of Indic civilisation includes aspects of Indo-Islamic tradition which developed here.. Buddhism, Jainism, everything. We have had writers, philosophers who have reckoned with likes of these contemporary questions for hundreds of years. So, I am optimistic on the whole. Vinay Lal, UCLA. Indian nationalism is an umbrella term inclusive of all sects, religions, races etc contrasting Hindu nationalism which is exclusive to Hindus. Hindu nationalism is not the way to defeat Islamic fundamentalism. As for hyper-nationalism, we should keep the fingers crossed. A contest in that sport is the last thing the people of India and China need . A blessing in that it made for greater political and economic cohesion and a bane in that it led to territorial disputes and wars.
Hyper-nationalism:		Extreme nationalism, the belief in the superiority of one's nation and of the paramount importance of advancing it. There was no call by Gandhi, Nehru, Subhash, Patel or Ambedkar to return India to a Vedic age, or restore Hindu supremacy within India, or demonstrate to the world the glories of a Hindu Rashtra.  Proud and passionate Indians as they were, they were responsible world citizens too. It discourages the international relations of a nation. It creates xenophobes, breeds racism. Nazism in Germany and Fascism in Italy. Cultural Nationalism: Nation by a shared culture. Between ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism. By cultural traditions and by language, but not on the concepts of common ancestry or race. Concept of German Philosopher Herder. In India during national movement, Aurobindo Ghosh and VD Savarkar were its greatest proponents. ·         Liberal since it infuses tolerance and trust among citizens, spirit of sacrifice and hard work for achieving greater goals. ·         Illiberal since focus is more on unity in universality - so lesser regard for minority rights. Aversion towards cultural diversity is exemplified through majority-tendency => violent/ lynching. It also reduces the public rhetoric to binary terms i.e. every = nationalist of anti-nationalist. Logical and Pragmatic form of it rather than blind faith is conducive.
Discrimination		Can 'Security' be ground for discrimination? Separate exits, separate lifts, same story in Noida, Gurgaon. What is passed off as 'security' is often dehumanising. Although several legislation, such as the Unorganised Social Security Act 2008, notified in various states, make a mention of domestic workers, the United Nations noted that there remains an "absence of comprehensive, uniformly applicable, national legislation that guarantee fair terms of employment and decent working conditions".
Pseudo liberal		by definition is a person who is supportive to reforming the existing customs or institutions in terms of religious, personal or political affairs, but all of this turns to be a farce when he/she is asked to practically implement the same in their own life. One person or situation should be treated the same way that another person or situation is treated. If he can go out with his friends at night, then she should be able to, too. What's good for the goose is good for the gander.
Secularism:		over time became less a principled belief and more a politically useful instrument that was used to build electoral constituencies. Positive Secularism – where all religions have same status and receive same support from the state. Negative Secularism – where state remains indifferent towards all religions. Though the word “secular” may be removed from the constitution - it cannot be removed from the crux of the constitution. Indian constitution is already a secular state implicitly by art 25 26 27 (freedom of religion), therefore by 42nd amendment adding the word secular just made implicit what is already explicit. On the whole India is firm on secularism? Coz people are fighting against gender biases whichever religion or sect it be. They are advocating for change in cultural elements in way of development. An independent and assertive ECI, a free press, independent judiciary has ensured. SC verdict on the section 123(3) of the RPA, 1951.
Pseudo-secularism:		is used to pejoratively describe policies considered to involve minority appeasement. The Hindus form the majority religious community in India; the term "pseudo-secular" implies   that those who claim to be secular are actually not so, but are anti-Hindu or pro-minority. Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev, founder of the Isha Foundation, said: “If Yoga and Surya Namaskar are Hindu, then the law of gravity is Christian.”
Communalism		is an ideology which is based on the belief that Indian society is divided into religious communities, who’s economic, political, social and cultural interests diverge and are even hostile to each other because of their religious differences. Communalism as a political tool comes with hefty collateral damage [breakdown of law and order, lynching of government agent]. Tagore on Cultural Separation - He would have strongly resisted defining India in specifically Hindu terms, rather than as a "confluence" of many cultures. Even after the partition of 1947, India is still the third- largest Muslim country in the world, with more Muslims than in Bangladesh. Indeed, by pointing to the immense heterogeneousness of India's cultural background and its richly diverse history, Tagore had argued that the "idea of India" itself militated against a culturally separatist view - "against the intense consciousness of the separateness of one's own people from others."
Dog-whistle politics		is political messaging employing coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has an additional, different or more specific resonance for a targeted subgroup [used in context of communalism].
RELIGION - an IDENTITY		“Religion is the opium of masses” – Socrates. Role of religion in the Indian society – ·         Set people free, a beacon of light (better human beings), love, tolerance and respect, binding glue. Therefore it has to be rational. Should not be restricted to temples, alienate citizens or only for followers. Achieved identity is derived from individual endeavours (education, work and so). Ascribed identity is derived from intrinsic characteristics (religion, ethnicity, gender and so). The achieved identity of the Indian male is under attack, in a hyper-competitive country where aspirations are sky-high but economic growth is sluggish and imbalanced. COMMUNAL AND GENDER VIOLENCE IN INDIA POINT TO THE SAME BACKLASH. Political parties choose the winning formula to speak to ascribed id.
Identity Politics		mobilizes people based on identity such as caste, language, religion, region etc is called identity politics. Effects on society: Led to lower caste mobilization and increased their identity as equals with equal rights. Also made upper caste realize the injustice faced by lower castes. It has also resulted in exclusionist politics where majority group started reasserting power, communal violence. Effects on Polity: Led to multifarious regional parties, thus bringing out India from single party domination. It also led to increased Quota politics where governance took back seat.
Dera’s and ashrams		India and Hindu religion has always been fertile ground for new faiths, spiritual cults, and heroic religious personalities. [Article 25] 1.       Philanthropic activities (free health facilities, education, disaster relief, etc. People stuck in the poverty seek financial support/ solution here). 2.       Claims of magic - Educated and well-to-do families also follow these self-styled god men - Lack of rational thinking and blind faith, superstitions and false propaganda by the disciples of the so called god men are the real culprits. [check on   frauds / promote rationality] 3.       Political nexus – act as power broker in vote bank politics and muster political support. [Electoral and governance reforms] 4.       A sense of belonging apart from their ascribed status/identity - Especially lower caste strata join them for separate religious identity and to get rid of Dalit stigma. 5.       No regulation by the government on the activities of these institutions while providing them with subsidies and special facilities. [Regulate activities] 6.       Gap left by the state—they provide a social security net, offer education and healthcare, and foster a sense of safety and belonging that binds individuals and builds communities.  There are many ashrams who are genuine in their mission and work for the upliftment of poor and work for the downtrodden. Ramakrishna math, art of living ashram focus on spiritual upliftment, meditation and yoga, etc. and has played a pivotal role in changing life-style of people for better.
Lynching		is a form of communal violence different from past. First, they’re apparently decentralised. Further after the event none in authority is clearly telling them contrary. If journalists don't choose to report it, it may not even register. But the curious thing is that the perpetrators want it to be known. Some of the people doing this are even videotaping it. The law in India is perfectly adequate, it just has to be implemented. Sanjay Subramanian, UCLA.
Hate-crime:		(also known as a bias-motivated crime) is a prejudice-motivated crime, usually violent, which occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership (or perceived membership) in a certain social group.* Ideologies of hate and oppression and their violent expression do not thrive in a vacuum. They require the oxygen of dysfunctional institution. Unless we stem the rot with investment and reform, Nirbhayas and Junaids will continue to outrage us. Again and Again. Communal violence is a collective violence.
Regionalism		is the preference for a region or state in preference to the country as a whole. Regionalism is a subsidiary process of political integration in India. It is a manifestation of those residual elements which do not find expression in the national polity and national culture. Factors for regionalism in India: Climate and geography; Culture and History; Caste and religion; Economy and Opportunity; Political vendetta.
Promoting Science or Faith		These days, Indian society is witnessing instances where science is used to prove faith. Promoting science will lead to uniform betterment of all. Better technology-low import dependence- Better economy- equitable distribution- better HDI. Promoting 'only science' also can be a reason to worry. Trying to prove glory of a religion may further lead to religious fundamentalism. Because, the social order, even though within the community, is very much essential benefit that we derive from the faith and religion. Balance between faith and science is necessary in our diverse country. May be, this is one of the reasons why our constitutional makers opted secularism rather than neglecting religion on one hand and promoting science on the other side.
Vigilantism -		A civilian or organization acting in a law enforcement capacity (or in the pursuit of self-perceived justice) without legal authority. Religious V: Appeal Hindus – in name of cow protection, Ghar Wapsi, to strengthen one’s community at cost of marginalizing others. Love V: Self-proclaimed moral policing, honour killings to curtail western, modern influences. Digital V: Collecting personal data for commercial and governance aspect – monitoring online activities – breach of privacy. Artistic V: Censorship, to curtail thoughts and expression not digestible by community or groups. Citizen’s role: Stay away from getting polarized and cherish the SECULARISM aspect of Constitution. Stop being part of mob.
Majoritarianism -		A majority (by religion, language, social class, or else Identity factor) of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society [Political philosophy]. John Stuart Mill used the phrase “tyranny of the majority” to highlight this repressive urge in his monumental essay “Liberty”. Reasons for rising Vigilantism/ Majoritarianism: 1.       Communally-charged [US/INDIA] - Perpetual majority-minority tussles: Religion, Languages and castes, race. 2.       As a tool by parties to benefit by dividing people on basis of caste and class. [also religious agenda] 3.       Failure of law and order agencies to deliver their duty within specific time erodes the faith of community - leads to the Vigilantism in that particular area. 4.       Personality cult and blind faith too drives the mob psychology towards violent activities – threat to democratic fabric.
COW-SLAUGHTER		Ambedkar: Total Prohibition against RIGHT TO LIFE AND LIBERTY of a person [SC too upheld this]. His views are inspired by views on Dalit. In his book ‘Untouchables’ held that beef eating has always been part of a Dalit’s life. When cow worshippers turned into cow vigilantes this became a reason for discrimination. This made them untouchables in eyes of Cow vigilantes. Mahatma Gandhi: I would not kill a human being for protection of a cow, as I will not kill a cow for saving a human life, be it ever so precious. “How can I force anyone not to slaughter cows unless he is himself so disposed? It is not as if there were only Hindus in the Indian Union. There are Muslims, Parsis, Christians and other religious groups here.” Savarkar: Cow is worthy of protection as long as this serves humanitarian and national interests. The non-Hindus should discard their hatred for the cow and do genuine cow protection. How can a creature which does not understand cleanliness be considered divine? Why are cow's urine and dung purifying while even the shadow of a man like Ambedkar is defiling? This is one example to show how the intellect of man is destroyed.
Multiculturalism/ Tolerance		“Multiculturalism is part of the Indian society and any attempt to monochrome it will be self-defeating.” Multiculturalism that promotes maintaining the distinctiveness of multiple cultures is often contrasted to other settlement policies such as social integration, cultural assimilation and racial segregation. Recent threats: Cow vigilantism and moral policing; Dissent and diversion from the mainstream thinking in colleges and universities were crushed with the brutal force by the state.  “The Amarnath Yatra symbolises the best of Kashmir’s old syncretic ethos.” A fitting symbol of this syncretic ethos of Kashmir is Lalla-Ded, a figure revered by both the Pandits and Muslims of Kashmir. "India is a tolerant country with few non-tolerant people."
Racism		Never rejected Jews and gave them shelter. Spiritual Guru Dalai Lama feels more home here than anywhere. #not racist. Despite being non-signatory to refugee convention, India holds the largest number of refugees in the world. From Central Asians to Persians to all have been accepted from time long back. A nice summer exercise. Make an African friend and visit a swimming pool with him. Observe the situation and write about in 150 words. This will sum up the attitude we have.
Caste / CASTEIST		Tilak (Gandhi’s mentor): I do not understand what the Teli, Tamboli and Khati Kunbhat (all low castes) would do in Parliament. Will Teli sell oil in Parliament? Will Tamboli stitch clothes in Parliament and Khati Kunbhat (Kurmi or Patidar) plough in the parliament?”  Deendayal Upadhyay: “society is self-born’’ and forms an “organic unity” inherited from a caste-based antiquarian arrangement that should not be disturbed. The four limbs are complementary to one another - varna system as a social model and regrets that it has lost its fluidity with the multiplication of jatis. Dayanand Saraswati: endowed varnavyavastha with meritocratic dimensions - that hereditary jatis did not exist in the Vedic times but children were placed in different varnas according to their qualities - legitimised a hierarchy imbued with anti-individualistic values — once in a varna, a man and a woman remained in it. Rajagopalachari:  claimed that jati (not varna) was “the most important element in the organisation of our society” and argued that professional mobility would destabilise the complementarity of social functions at the village-level, making economic development more difficult. When Dalit members of the Madras Legislative Council introduced a Temple Entry Bill in 1938, Rajagopalachari, the Congress chief minister, asked them to withdraw it. Gandhiji - If the caste based discrimination is purged from the caste system, the latter can work perfectly fine. And he plead to the conscience. Advocacy of self sufficiency of Indian villages -  possible by the demarcation of works under the caste system. A fast to abolish the separate electorate. Harijan Sabha for upliftment. A reformer than rather than a revolutionary in breaking caste system restrictions Ambedkar - complete annihilation of the caste system and use of aid of the state. In support of separate electorate. Organizing the lower castes in separate blocs as different party. Untouchability / out-caste is a by-product of the Caste system. Buddha condemned the Caste System, said: By birth one is not an outcaste, By birth one is not a Brahmin; By deeds alone one is an outcaste, By deeds alone one is a Brahmin. Honour killings, very less inter-caste marriages, lack of entry of lower caste people into house of Brahmins, etc present the CASTEIST view. SC has directed parties not to seek vote in names of caste and religion. Other good indicators are: Inter caste dining and marriages are on increase these days.
Inter-Caste, Inter-Religion Marriages/ Ostracism		Inter-caste marriages are common among upper classes i.e. a Brahmin girl marrying a Kshatriya or Vaishya boy (or vice versa) does not create a clamour but a Brahmin girl or boy marrying a Dalit girl/ boy will result into intense opposition. Same is the case with inter religion marriages when it is between Hindu and Muslim, religious leaders call it love jihad. #Personal Liberty; Equality, Non-discrimination. Controversy of inter-faith Marrying: children of men marrying outside community are considered to be into the community while those of women are not. This attitude and thinking encourages bringing more boys into community than girls. It is very necessary that women be given their right share both in terms of existence within community and their children rights. “Ostracism means you don't exist at all. And that's a very difficult situation to live with. Harry hay.” “Denial forces victims to retreat in lifeless existence, dying in the shadows of buried trauma and painful memories.” Maharashtra’s new law prohibiting the social boycott of individuals, families or any community by informal village councils (KHAP/ CASTE Panchayats) aims to uproot social evils (discrimination - morality/social acceptance/political inclination/sexuality). Large number of Social Boycott cases were provoked by Inter-Caste Marriages. A15(2) guarantees against Social Exclusion. Legislation does fall short when it comes to addressing inter-community social ostracism - for example, the denial of housing to minorities, or attacks on them for their diet and dress.
Goal of creating a caste-less society in India		CoI - discrimination on the ground of caste unlawful (A 15, 16), and abolishes untouchability (A17). Part IV promotes rights of SC, ST (A46). 1.       Role of URBANIZATION - Competitive environment discourages caste consciousness, but caste-identities still persist - caste associations, localities, educational institutes in urban areas increasingly dominated by particular castes. 2.       Rural areas – no much change. Caste hierarchy prevails. 3.       Electoral politics = still a function of caste based id. 4.       PRIVATE V/S PUBLIC SECTOR – reservation nourished caste id. 5.       Inter-caste marriages is increasing but still society has not become receptive – Khap diktats, honor killings. 6.       Economic Empowerment through MNREGA, Skill training. 7.       Superiority (caste consciousness) still exists among higher castes => violence against lower caste still prevails.
Misogynist		Sacrifices in households are not complete without presence of wife. Women leaders are not just accepted but celebrated (Rani Jhansi, CMs in different states, former PM and President of India have been women). #not misogynist. Khap Panchayats decision when derogatory have to be brought to modern courts for adjudication. But a lot more needs to be done like increasing women figures in LS, IIT, Local Bodies, etc., increasing female literacy, reducing female feticide.
Urban India		Dr. Ambedkar who wanted India to be moved out of villages and to live and nurture in cities. But Indian cities face challenges of lack of education facilities and labour related problems. Low wages, thus, less return on education => not incline to be educated rather join workforce => cycle of low wages while rich and elite concentrate wealth. Urban families grow in shrinking space - lack of adequate housing a factor forcing many to stay together. Why joint families are back in Urban India? Because of migration, rising cost of housing, working women, support needs for the elderly and for children, and the need to share resources. 68th NSSO Report… Main root cause of Social Urban disparities is MARGINALISATION.
Rural India		Rural India starts to go nuclear - a normal process of socialisation, and consistent with rapid urbanisation. As agricultural land fragments so does the rural family that once lived off it, with some share in the income.  Even if the rural family has to separate, the ideology of the family is often, intact. Our population explosion, combined with our failures in the field of literacy and our economic underperformance have led to the creation of a massive lumpen class that straddles the rural-urban divide.
New Middle Class		A new social identity (class) attributed to rise in income levels due to open trade, expansion of service economy, rise in average education level, spread of IT, societal reforms, released caste barriers and changed dietary habits (perceived largely since 1991 economic reforms). It includes poor, lower castes, upper castes, increasing number of women. Ranges from 2 to 10 dollar a day.
Revisit XVII
Pit Emptying		Importance of Pit emptying: Required for continuous usability of latrines; The waste can be used for manure; To meet ODF India, given that option of pit-latrines is neglected and people resort to open fields for easing the pressure. Measures to enforce it: Behavioural change and social awareness about the benefits for self and society; Technology is to rescue – vacuum cleaner trucks; Train and make available workforce – provide good incentives, proper protective gears, vehicles, etc; Building big pits requires more land, money and it would require more effort to clean later – in fact in Bangladesh medium sized pits have seen success; Dual pit latrines are innovative solution The issue here is not just of pits, it is of self-respect, cleanliness and casteism.
Rapid ageing Population		Challenges posed to policymakers: Effective geriatric care at affordable cost; Bringing all under the net of insurance coverage and various pension schemes; Identification problem. Unfavourable attitude towards ageing people: Nuclear families – seniors left away; Declining importance in families, lack of sense-worth; Increasing cost of living, little time and money left with urban families – don’t keep parents with them, or don’t take care of them if at home; Ways to improve it: Children must be sensitised of their role towards parents - taking proper care and treating them with respect; Maintenance of Senior Citizens Act 2007 must be enforced after proper counselling of wards; The other peripheral area that is not seen but neglected the poor state of infra in the country – poor roads, poor healthcare, non-inclusive societies – all this must be addressed; Curriculum in schools must teach children the values in form of different stories of father child relationship from birth to death; Include Elderly people in development of society – by contributing in teaching, as CSR advisors; For those who cannot afford – government must provide affordable housing or old age shelters; NGOs like Helpage India have done a great work in such spaces – Children are made to collect funds from home, neighbourhood in the process learning and educating the importance practically.
Prohibition		Impacts on the people as well as the state – Decline in Tourism => Unemployment. In Gujarat, around 86 – 90% males were convicted for breaking the liquor ban laws. Loss of revenue (Liquor Tax/State Excise). Reducing the number of accidents. Preparation of homemade liquor (desidaru/ hooch tragedy).
Chakma-Hajongs vs Rohingya Crisis		Chakma are an ethnic group who began fleeing in the 1960s to NE India from former East Pakistan. Most were Chakmas (Buddhists) and only 2,000 were Hajong (Hindus). Original reason for fleeing of Chakma Hajong people was the submergence of their native land due to Kaptai dam project in the 1960s. The religious prosecution followed later. Rohingya are an ethnic group, majority of whom are Muslim, who have lived for centuries in the majority Buddhist Myanmar. Both are religious minorities. Chakma-Hajong when migrated to India, they were in very low number. On other side Rohingyas are already huge in number, whose migration is creating economic pressure and security challenges for government of India. This issue needs multi-stakeholder cooperation.
Kofi Annan Co Report		Kofi Annan Commission Report on Rakhine State = Citizenship verification, rights and equality before the law, documentation etc. A national mechanism be established to ensure the effective implementation of its recommendations Kofi Annan also participates in problem-solving missions for The Elders.

Effects of Globalization on Indian Society

Rise of Right/Anti-Globalization - BREXIT, Trump.		Washington Consensus floated the idea of economic liberalisation and globalization. India opened up to reforms in 1991. Today India’s economic reforms aim to push India more towards globalization. Services sector is largest contributor to India’s GDP. Rising anti-globalisation resentments in west will need India to restructure its reforms and affect GDP.
Alt-Right		Short for ‘Alternative Right’ is a movement that bucks mainstream conservatism in US. It is a loose group of people with far-right ideologies, mostly online. The view includes Anti-immigrant policies going to the extent of breaking and making walls against globalisation; America for Americans. Displays feeling of proud and devotion towards ones cultures. It emphasises on preserving the culture and emphasising its superiority. It is an extremist ideology. It often tends the followers to go against the other race like what followed in Germany due to Nazi party. Divided the public into polarization. Isolationist policy can fuel every other country to take adopt the same and globalization may suffer.
Rise of Closed Societies		A rigid structure and little freedom or tolerance of belief. Leads to loss of faith in Democracy, rise of authoritarian regime. UK's Brexit, Turkey’s nascent democracy giving way to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s strongman rule, and the Philippines now led by a populist authoritarian, Rodrigo Duterte, all show that something is not right for democracy and world's peace.
Hyper-globalization		dramatic increase in international trade witnessed for about a decade and a half from the early 1990s up to the global financial crisis of 2008. Increased FDI, immigration, exposure, economics of demand, exports. Led to negligence of growing domestic demand, dependence on imports, Protectionism, cultural shock. So there must be equal footing to all nations, trade should be balanced without huge deficit and taxation evasion should be dealt cooperatively.
On CULTURE		Marx. 150 years ago actually said that capitalism not only produces the object for the subject but it also produces subjects for the object.  In today’s advertising world we notice, they are creating human beings who are capable of consuming certain products. This entire trend of culture -- consumerism, degeneration etc -- creates its own atmosphere which effects every aspect of our life and society. Where ever you go in the world, you will have the same soaps, same toothpaste, and the same sort of other products that you will find in our country. The homogenisation of the product is the first step in a globalised economy for maximisation of profits by the multinational corporations. Homogenisation of products also has a natural consequence in the homogenisation of culture. In India, the communal forces and communalism in a way also requires the homogenisation of culture. It requires efforts to actually rewrite or redefine our own diverse cultural heritage and put it into one singular monolith.  This is the ideological project of the communal forces.
On POLITICS and ADMINISTRATION		Globalisation and liberalisation mean the opening up of areas for kickbacks and commissions to a large extent. In the process, the entire culture of corruption if we may call it, has undergone a ‘revolutionary’ change where you find the ways in which money can be made has not only expanded but it is having a tremendous impact on the political life of this country. Sharp rise in political opportunism - creating a degree of political instability which will seek to move the polity towards authoritarianism. Separation of the political life of the country form the actual economic decisions that are being taken. How it is impacting the State; how it is eroding the national sovereignty of independent countries; whether the `nation-state' itself is a viable concept under globalisation or not – are some food for thought.
On Employment and Youth		The modern day capitalism is no longer interested in producing products. It is interested in familiarising brands like Nike, Coca-Cola etc. Where the product is produced is not important. The product might be produced in Thailand or it may be produced in Malaysia or produced anywhere but it is the brand that is important because it is the brand that sells. As a result, in the advanced countries, millions of people are losing jobs.  Protests are emerging in the universities of the west. In Toronto a group of youngsters   decided to go and blacken all the logos, all the major advertisements and destroy their Neon signs. Who are these youngsters? Why are they doing this? Behind this is the expression of revolt against capitalist exploitation under new conditions.  It is finding newer forms.
Fear of Millennial		Jeremy Corbyn, Bernie Sanders and Jean Luc Melenchon are ‘senior citizens’, but their voters in UK, USA and France, respectively, are overwhelmingly young. Why? In the West, millennial are worse off than their parents were and are too poor to start new families. They fear capitalism, and see Wall Street and the London banks as enemies. Because they became politically conscious after the USSR’s demise, they are not spooked by socialism. Old socialists are hot in Europe and America.
Opposition to women’s participation in decision-making bodies		The rebels are also opposing women rights due to the fear of the dilution of the " Naga Nationalism " itself, if women enters into the political sphere and formulates policies that are peaceful in nature; Influence of economics:  female members of the community to excel in the field of academics and helped them earn jobs in Private and Public sector all across the country; ·         Earlier society was reciprocity based (barter, Brahmin would get all service); Today it is cash economy – every service is dictated by money; Talentè Moneyè Power; In Patriarchy: women would do even those job which men do but not for money. Influence of globalization: ..through various communication channels like social media and personally living in different parts of the country started demanding more rights from the male dominated society ·         New jobs, New participation; Mobility is increasing; Today Girls school increase; Interaction with outer world – women participation, outlook changes.

Poverty, Development, Population And Associated Issues.

• Wasting food is akin to being carbon criminal.
• Slums – poor people’s industrial township.

Migration		Inter-state migration is migration from one state to another whereas intra state migration is migration within the state.
Trends in Migration		Recent economic survey speaks about analysing the patterns of migration using big data analysis. The participants in the Intra-state migrations are mostly the poor. Intra state migration is prevalent over inter-state migration. Inter-state migration is primarily between urban areas, due to better employment and educational opportunities. E.g. Hyderabad-Bangalore. Language is not a barrier for migration. The educated and middle class are the major part of the inter-state migration. Along with benefits, migration also poses challenges by creating burden on scarce resources in urban areas, as evident from slums, ghettoization, inadequate health and sanitary provisions, increased crimes and insecurities especially towards women. Govt. is tackling these problems through various schemes such as Smart Cities Mission, PURA, PMGSY, PMAY which are perfectly aligned with UN HABITAT targets & thus inching closer towards Sustainable & inclusive cities.
Causes of Migration		1.       Agrarian Crisis, economic hardships, caste discrimination, violence & riots, etc. in rural areas. 2.       Better employment and educational opportunities in urban areas.  3.       Marriages are major reason for the migration of women
MIND SOCIETY AND BEHAVIOUR, WB Report 2015:		Societies are prone to forget what happened, and policy makers tend to focus on the most socially prominent risks, which are not always those that drive disease outbreaks. http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/teaching-the-poor-to-behave/article7368130.ece
Key constraint to achieving Swatch Bharat Behavioural Change, Demand		‘The lack of institutional capacity at the grassroots to deliver sanitation services’. District collectors are being monitored frequently resulting in a competition to meet targets, at speed. But in the absence of corresponding investments in administrative capacity, these targets have created conditions for a race to the top that undermines the core objectives of the program. Penalization of citizens, rather than awareness raising and demand creation has become the preferred tool to achieve success.
Electrification		Saubhagya Scheme - complete hh electrification by December 2018. Use of Postmen to do door-to-door survey and collect data on un-electrified hh.
Demonetization = cultural revolution?		It has not changed the existing system. Social inequality, power structure, and stratified society are intact and not even questioned by it but yes in a sense that society is shifting towards use of digital cash.
Family Planning		The Quran and hadith are the replete with verses in support of family planning. Muslim backwardness on this count is a fallout of poor socio-economic conditions.
Polygamy		Polygamy cannot lead to high birth rate, since the number of polygamous men, small though they are, would leave an equal number of men unmarried.
Network challenges.		A Kleiner Perkins Internet Trends Report for 2017 notes that even though smartphone and data costs are declining in India, they are still too high for most.
Breaking addiction.		A study published a few days ago in the journal BMJ found that a “substantial increase” in e-cigarette use among adult smokers had led to a “significant increase” in the quitting rate among smokers.
Why India lows in Olympic medal tally - BBC		1.       Sports culture - how many people take part in sport, how much money is invested in sport, and how important sporting success is to the country. 2.       Wealth: Countries with a high GDP, like Germany or the USA, can afford to invest in sports facilities, and their populations have enough leisure time and money. 3.       Population: A big population means a big talent pool to choose athletes from - in China's case, 1.36 billion people. 4.       Host-country effect: Australia won 27 medals in 1992, but a full 41 medals four years later - probably due to increased investment in sport in the run-up to the 2000 Sydney Games. 5.       Planned economies: These countries tend to invest more in sport because they value the prestige that sporting success brings. China and Cuba are good examples. 6.       Majority-Muslim population: In majority-Muslim countries women are less likely to participate in sports and become athletes. Consequently, these countries usually send fewer or no female athletes, and fewer athletes means fewer chances to win medals.
Changed World Bank’s understanding of development paradigm		The resistances by social movements have led the bank to speak the language of the people. Hence, the increasing focus on issues such as gender rights, equity (the 2006 report was titled ‘Equity and Development’), etc The rise of China and India and their decreasing reliance on the bank makes the latter less powerful than before. Thus, acknowledging politics and power relations is one way to defuse the challenges to the bank’s dominance. The projects by it in social sector like Tejaswini, Skill India in India, Chad education sector reform in Africa shows this changed attitude.
Population Dynamics		branch of life sciences that studies the size and age composition and distribution of populations as dynamical systems, and the biological and environmental processes driving them (such as birth and death rates, and by immigration and emigration). ES 2016-17 highlighted lack of population dynamics currently taken into consideration by policymakers when it showed that Welfare spending in India suffers from misallocation – the districts with the most poor are the ones that suffer from the greatest shortfall of funds in social programs. Like devising specific policies targeting high population growth for states or region based on size. Women schemes based on gender aspects. Etc.
Role of factors in drinking water and vector disease		Source of water => contaminated = Ar, etc = stunt, polio. Low income => affects decisions on purification method used, lesser quality water. Family Size => large = recourse to inferior sanitation. Education => better spending on health and hygiene. Occupation => formal sector = benefits of proper sanitation. Caste => lower face discrimination.
Malnutrition and Child		The official study of Maharashtra government reveals that in seven tribal belts, over 40 per cent of children are affected by some form of malnutrition.
National Sex Offender Registry		This kind of registry has been in use in some of the countries. The experience from there does not suggest that sex crimes actually reduce. In some countries the list is made public for people to be aware of such offenders.  Instead what happens is that the criminals face threat from other members of community. They are stigmatized and any chance of their becoming better person is lost. In India the idea is to include even child and under trials. This can have serious impact on their lives especially children whose entire life is present before them. Also, the POCSO act under which parents instigate complaints against someone’s romantic case with their child can be disastrous for them. What is needed is a proper investigative and institutional machinery. The high number of pendency cases and low rate of conviction needs to be addressed first. Until then sex offender’s registry will not aid but only burden the state and public.
Poverty		A2 GoI definition of Poverty is linked to expenditure required by an average hh to meet a specified min nutrition in terms of calories.
Urban Poverty		Denoted by intake of 2100 calories per capita per day. Reducing homelessness can have impact on poverty reduction - NULM
War on inequality, arena of social injustice		India performs miserably in war on inequality - Nepal and China do better than India ranked at 132 in Inequality index by OECD. [Progressive] Tax collection looks good on paper than in practice. Govt spending on health, education and social protection is low. Respect for women and labour rights is poor. Should Inequality be left to markets and local communities to be solved? Not really. There are certain domains where lack of profit and money would lead to ‘market failure’.  Eg: education and healthcare where failure in market can compromise public interest. Oxfam’s latest report tells us that the bottom 50% of the world’s population has “just 0.2%” of the world’s “wealth.” Gini coefficient points out that relative inequality is very high – salaried and professional workers had a PCI 200% higher than wage earners. Although elaborate laws specifically aimed at protecting Dalits are in place, there is no let-up in the atrocities against this group. According to the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, there were 54,355 registered cases, including rape, murder and arson committed against Dalits in 2015 compared to 39,408 cases in 2013. There are about 2.6 million dry latrines across the country that require manual cleaning, a loathsome task imposed on the Dalits of all religions by social sanction. Another arena of injustice and inequality is rural India (farmer suicides) where 68 per cent of our people live.
Causes of Inequalities and Injustices		Economic – Failure of Trickle-down theory and unequal distribution of gains of LPG reforms, Tax avoidance causing divide as mentioned by Oxfam report. Digital divide – as mentioned by World Development report 2016 has further increased inequality. Non-inclusive growth – rural, agricultural economy not strengthened. Vulnerable sections – Poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, ill health.
Policy interventions to address economic disparities between states/regions		Improving governance quality of states – as pointed by ES income divergence among people is due to governance or institutional traps in states so it is a crucial aspect to work upon. Reinventing the role of Inter-State and Zonal Councils – these avenues should be used for comprehensive partnerships for collective and balanced regional growth leading to economic convergence. Stop ignoring unskilled labour – while focus must remain on ‘skilling’ India, the largely unskilled labour must be utilised to make state engines of exports as the low-skilled sectors prevail mainly in backward states. Competitive federalism with government aid – interstate competition should be promoted to encourage states to liberalise regulatory framework, especially land and labour as well as other factors of production. Inter-municipal competition – local self-governments must be empowered to lessen the inter-regional disparities by being responsible for disbursal of funds of government schemes and implementation of infrastructural programmes. Multilateral agencies – such as WB, ADB, NDB, AIIB, JICA etc can be roped in to provide finance for states’ development if domestic funds are low. Government’s recent order allowing states to borrow directly from abroad is a positive step in this direction. Focus on agriculture – as it is seen that states dependent on agriculture fare below than manufacturing states. Centre must intervene on issues such as APMC reforms citing the clause of ‘Actionable Wrongs’ in concurrent list. (*actionable wrong means actual harm or injury done via performance of wrongful action. Eg: crash of vehicles caused by a drunk driver) Fiscal Discipline – specific targets or ranges for fiscal deficit (in consultation with states) must be set for states too under the FRBM act.
Aristotle said, ‘Likes should not be treated alike’		If there could be benefits of inequality they are: 1.       It maintains double coincidence of wants – wealthy need labour and services, poor need money and job. When both meet, economy runs. 2.       Inequalities promote competition: Cooperative as well as competitive federalism are beneficial for growth. 3.       To incentivise or dis-incentivise anything inequality acts as tools. 4.       No zeal exists to rise higher if there is no differences in sharing of resources. But Inequality has more ills than benefits (extreme inequality = resentment, violence, backwardness, malnutrition).
India and HDI		HDI is an indicator of developmental prospects of countries which takes a holistic view of development rather than myopic economic growth factor. UN’s HDR. It takes into account three parameters for calculation: Mean years at schooling; Per capita income; Life expectancy at Birth. Why India is not improving in this index: (Improvement is at absolute level not relative). 1.       High burden of disease – rising NCDs, etc and poor spending on health; 2.       High out of pocket expenditure of people (~70%) – vicious cycle of poverty and ill-health; 3.       Prevalent discrimination in society – lower literacy level, wide income gaps, poor GER especially of girls. 4.       While poverty fell significantly in the two decades after liberalisation, inequalities increased sharply; 5.       Poor state of infrastructure; High population growth rate è Lowers PCI
Women with mental illness face		1.Stigma and Ostracization; 2. Involuntary admissions and arbitrary detention; 3.Illiogical treatment-Tantrik baba; Solution: awareness – less stigma more speak; more psychiatrists – better care, insurance; cluster homes – social inclusion; Political will – Mental Health Care bill, policy – medical insurance for mentally ill;
UBI/DBT vs Minimum Wage, Funds on time for MNREGA		UBI = A basic income guaranteed to all Indians. What is basic here? Decent wage ₹9100/mth or min wage ₹4800/mth or Tendulkar ₹33/day = ₹12000/year =12000* 120 cr = 12% of GDP = 95% of union total expenditure. Entire CSS is ₹180000 cr ~5% of GDP. Even that does not reach on time, not fully. So to meet additional fund there is a need to tax more. ·         It can be given to BPL, shrink the list = not Universal! It can hardly meet Basic needs! Nothing different than cash TX. ·         Old wine in new bottle. Moreover, the goal of UBI is to improve lives of poor and with the possible state of things, cash transfers will lead to inflation and make it more difficult for poor. Why PDS should stay? a. food guarantee, security; b. inflation checked The focus should therefore be on - enforce min wage; secure job; release funds on time. Budget 2017 acclaims that women participation has increased to 55% in MNREGS. UBI EXPERIMENT IN BHOPAL: nutrition intake rose - illness drop; enrolment improved; indebtedness drop; for weak it's a safety net; for near poor it's a supplement NFSA - food guarantee; MNREGA - wage jobs; UBI - targeted income basis SECC.
Complexity of food wastage - need for national level strategy		Weddings, canteens, hotels, social and family functions, households spew out so much food.  According to the United Nations Development Programme, up to 40% of the food produced in India is wasted. About 21 million tonnes of wheat are wasted in India and 50% of all food across the world meets the same fate and never reaches the needy. 25% of fresh water used to produce food is ultimately wasted, even as millions of people still don’t have access to drinking water. According to a survey by Bhook (an organization working towards reducing hunger) in 2013, 20 crore Indians sleep hungry on any given night. About 7 million children died in 2012 because of hunger/malnutrition. Food Storage, Food Processing, Nanotech – healthy food preservation, educate.
SDG and India		Energy (doing good), Partnerships for progress and peace (sticking), Industry, Innovation, Infra (Many schemes - good), Sustainable communities and cities (AMRUT, SCM) etc. Challenges – Poverty, Education, Connectivity, Clean Water, Gender discrimination.

Role of Women And Women's Organization

• "From Swadhar (rehabilitation of women-2001) to Aadhar (everyone's right of identity-2011)".
• “I have brought the Indian Women out of kitchen, it is up to you (women activists) to see that they don’t go back” Gandhiji said to Mridula Sarabhai, a valiant fighter for his causes of women and freedom. 

Gender mainstreaming:		The public policy concept of assessing the different implications for women and men of any planned policy action, including legislation and programmes, in all areas and levels. Mainstreaming essentially offers a pluralistic approach that values the diversity among both men and women.
Gender Impact Assessment:		an ex ante evaluation, analysis or assessment of a law,  policy or programme that makes it possible to identify, in a preventative way, the likelihood of a given decision having negative consequences for the state of equality between women and men. The central question of the gender impact assessment is: Does a law, policy or programme reduce, maintain or increase the gender inequalities between women and men?
Gender blindness:		Refers to the failure to recognize that the roles and responsibilities of men/boys and women/girls are assigned to them in specific social, cultural, economic, and political contexts and backgrounds. They maintain the status quo and will not help transform the unequal structure of gender relations.
Gender neutral:		Having no differential positive or negative impact for gender relations or equality between women and men. What is perceived to be gender neutral, however, including in areas of statistics or dissemination of data collected in reference to a population, is often gender blind (a failure to recognize gender specificities).
Multiple discrimination:		Certain groups of women, in addition to discrimination on the grounds of sex, these women are often subjected simultaneously to other factors, such as their race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status, are in an especially vulnerable position. When primary schools in villages do not function, boys are sent to neighbouring villages or towns or even to private schools but girls are usually just kept at home. Social conservatism, combined with the notion that investing money in a girl’s education is like watering a plant in another man’s house, since the benefits will accrue to girl’s in laws’ family, lead to such decision.
Work–life balance:		refers not only to caring for dependent relatives, but also to “extracurricular” responsibilities or important life priorities. Work arrangements should be sufficiently flexible to enable workers of both sexes to undertake lifelong learning activities and further professional and personal development, not necessarily directly related to the worker’s job.
Feminization of poverty:		UNIFEM describes it as "the burden of poverty borne by women, especially in developing countries". This trend is not only a consequence of lack of income, but also of lack of opportunities due to gender biases and fixed gender roles in some societies. The majority of the 1.5 billion people living on 1 dollar a day or less are women.
Gender Responsive Budgeting		Women’s declining labor participation, under-representation in Parliament, skewed child sex ratio, and prevalent gender-based violence are recognized challenges. To bridge these gaps, India formally adopted Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) in 2005. Every annual budget since 2005 has included a statement that lists out two parts. There is - Part A, which reflects ‘Women Specific Schemes’, namely, those which have 100 per cent allocation for women, and Part B, which reflects ‘Pro Women Schemes’, namely, where at least 30 per cent of the allocation is for women. A recent IMF study found that States that employ GRB also show better female to male school enrolment ratios. Budget 2016-17 initiated the decentralization of funding in GRB, thus shifting the onus for budgeting and implementation from the Central Ministry to State counterparts. While this did empower the States to come up with women-specific policies as per their respective challenges, the obvious downside was the risk that States could choose to not prioritize gender in their budgeting. In this way, the intent of universalizing the process, so that it equally benefits women in all States, was lost in the pragmatism of the move.
Women’s Component Plan (WCP)		Funds earmarked for schemes targeted to women and girls and those with a significant women’s component. In the planning process for targeting public expenditure in favour of women. Kerala introduced WCP at the Local Self Government (LSG) level - during the 9th FYP, - allocation of 10% of Plan outlays for all dept should - for women-specific project
10th Plan - 3 pronged strategy		1.       Social empowerment: easy and equal access to all the basic minimum services. 2.       Economic empowerment: training, employment and income generation activities with both forward and backward linkages. 3.       Gender justice: eliminate all forms of gender discrimination.
Empowerment of women and girls		Apart from above they should also have the agency to use these - ·         to make strategic choices and decisions ·         such as is provided through leadership opportunities and participation in political institutions.
National policy Empowerment of women 2001		To bring about social change – change attitudes towards women – bring about gender justice and make de jure equality into de facto equality
Lifecycle approach to women’s health		9th FY PLAN. The approach of the five-year plans has veered round from welfare to development to empowerment in the 1990s.
NCW, RMK, SEWA		NCW (set up in 1992) is the national statutory body to review legal and constitutional safeguards for women.  Rastriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) set up in 1993 extends credit to many women through NGOs. A facilitating agency to the women in the informal sector through a client friendly, without collateral and in a hassle-free manner for income generation activities. SEWA’s main goals are to organise women workers for full employment. Full employment means employment whereby workers obtain work security, income security, food security and social security (at least health care, child care and shelter).
Gender equality:		Equality does not mean that women and men will become the same but that women’s and men’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. Gender equality is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals to “transform our world”. WEFs annual Global Gender Gap Report ranked India 87 in terms of gender equality in economy, education, health, and political representation.
Gender Pay Gap		How to reduce gender gap – 1.       Give proper value to ‘women’s work’; Equal Pay. 2.       Get women into power; local as well as regional. 3.       Stop the violence. 4.       Empower mothers. 5.       Encourage women into non-traditional vocations. 6.       Need of adequate resources for women’s initiatives.
LFPR		LFPR for working-age women (15 years and older) is abysmally low in India—~ 27%, performs only slightly better than Afg, Pak, S Arabia while China (63.9%) or Nepal (79.9%). Mckinsey, India’s GDP will improve by 60% if India is able to bridge the gender gap. Reasons for low Female LFPR: Men take the lion’s share in Organized Sector; mines and hazardous; studying longer; as incomes have increased, women who worked only out of necessity have retreated to their homes; Agriculture has come under stress; educated urban women haven’t moved into the workforce considerable numbers. ‘U-shaped’ pattern. Decreasing farm sizes and increased mechanisation. Family vs career. Patriarchy. Crèche. Women’s entrepreneurship could improve the situation – In short run a catalysing opportunity – 90% of employees in female-owned business in unorganized manufacturing are females; an inspiration; Gender segmentation is a double-edged sword in the sense that just like female-owned or female-led firms tend to hire more female workers, male owners and employers have the same tendencies. 97% of working men are employed in male-owned enterprises. In addition to financial independency of women, gender balance will ensure that gender sensitive issues are addressed especially through social entrepreneurship at the behest of women. Steps taken: ·         Draft National women policy,2016 – to provide enabling environment to women instead of seeing her as recipient of welfare benefit. ·         Facilitate transition to non-agriculture work via education-skilling. Focus on developing women intensive sector like Textile and Leather, Supplemented by work of SHG. ·         Women Transforming India Campaign launched by NITI Aayog in collaboration with UN and mygov. Equal incomes for equal work.
UWSSA, Domestic helps		Unorganised workers mean home-based workers, self-employed workers or daily-wage workers. Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Act 2008 provides for their welfare and security and National Social Security Board. Critique - ·         term “Unorganised Sector” restricts the coverage to those enterprises employing workers who number less than 10. This numerical limit may raise objections. ·         no specific definition of term “Social Security” and “Family”. ·         definition of the term “self-employed worker”, “wage worker” of the Act provide for limits to be prescribed by the government for monthly earnings or of extent of land holdings or of monthly wage only strengthens the suspicion that the act is essentially designed to cover BPL workers.
Child Marriage		·         Child marriage is more prevalent in rural areas (48 per cent) than in urban areas (29 per cent). ·         Drop out of school, have a low-paid job and limited decision-making power at home. ·         40% of the world’s 60 million child marriages take place in India according to the National Family Health Survey. Still exists in India - Social groups follow traditions blindly from previous eras without questioning contemporary relevance. Early marriage allows parents to waiver ‘responsibility’ of settling their children. Marriage of a boy brings an additional hand to assist in household and economic activities. Members of communities practicing child marriage tend to have little to no formal education. Strong caste ties limit the availability of suitable marital partners. As soon as parents identify a match, they make haste in conducting the marriage. Despite the fact that dowry has been prohibited for five decades (Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961), it is still common for parents of girls in India to give gifts to the groom and /or his family either in cash or kind. The dowry amount increases with the age and the education level of the girl. Hence, the “incentive” of the system of dowry perpetuates child marriage.
Measures to prevent Child Marriage		Measures to prevent child marriages – Education is one of the most effective strategies to protect children against marriage. When girls are able to stay in school an attitudinal change can also occur towards their opportunities within the community. Gender sensitization programs: Gender training programs should be spread throughout the district for police and NGOs. Law enforcement: Capacity-building on laws, support mechanisms such as a child marriage telephone hotline, ‘Odisha Child Marriage Resistance Forum’. Community mobilization: Working with influential leaders, oaths and pledges, counselling, folk and traditional media. Government of India has already enacted laws like Child marriage prohibition act 2006 and started many initiatives like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Sukanya Samridthi Yojana etc to incentivize the people to give equal treatment to their daughters as their sons.
Violence		(defined by WHO): “The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal-development or deprivation”.
SEXUAL VIOLENCE/ Harassment / VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN		Interpersonal violence whether it is sexual or nonsexual, remains a major problem in large parts of the world. Violence against women is a worldwide yet still hidden problem. Public Health problem as well as Violation of Human Rights (WHO). ·         Violence against women is woven into the fabric of society to such an extent that many of us who are victimized feel that we are at fault. Many of those who perpetrate violence feel justified by strong societal messages that say that rape, battering, sexual harassment, child abuse, and other forms of violence are acceptable. Sexual Harassment of women is violation of the women’s right. 1.       Silent due to the fear of the society; Legislation but # rising especially in the work place and with female child. 2.       Profoundly negative and traumatic life event with widespread psychological and sociological effects on the victim [M/F]. Economic costs of Violence against Women: ·         NSSO: only 25% of rural women above the age of 15 years, and 17% of urban women, were gainfully employed on a regular basis. A clear barrier to sustainable development [SDG 5 on gender equality]. ·         Deter women coming to India => Loss of Tourism. Deter women from night jobs or high risk jobs => loss of resource at flexible times for company. Women on average may lose 5 days of paid work every time an incident of intimate partner violence occurs women => 25% less salary each time. ·         Women lack of participation => affects poverty reduction, essential participation in public matters.
Role men must play in addressing - sexual violence		Parenting - Misogynist attitude and stereotypes should be overcome by showing respect to girl child in the family. Education - Young Men Initiative by Care International - lectures, debates with young men on issues such as gender equality, violence and sex = solution rather than part of  problem. Cultural change - Male superiority and social and cultural inferiority of women should be countered with feminist revolution. Showing documentaries and appreciating men who respect women; Men should do away with glass ceiling and promote women at decision making position. No Means No Worldwide  NGO - works in the slums of Nairobi to prevent sexual assault on girls and women based on “what kind of people they want to be”.
Legal protection in India against sexual violence:		Sexual harassment infringes the FR of a woman to gender equality under A14 of CoI and her right to life and live with dignity under A21. Section 294: Obscene acts and songs, to the annoyance of others like does any obscene act in any public place or sings, recites or utters any obscene song, ballad or words in or near any public place. Punishment imprisonment for a term up to 3 months or fine, or both (Cognizable, bailable and tri-able offense). Section 354: Assault or use of criminal force on a woman with intent to outrage her modesty. 2 years imprisonment or fine, or both. Section 376: Rape. Imprisonment for life or 10 years and fine. Section 510: Uttering any word or making any gesture intended to insult the modesty of a woman. Imprisonment for 1 year, or fine, or both (Cognizable and bailable offense).
Measures by Govt tackle Workplace Harassment:		·         PoSH at Workplace, 2013 - Legal action can now take place within a stipulated time frame. FICCI study: 36% of Indian companies and 25% of MNCs in India were not compliant with the POSH Act. ·         Main criticism of this act is it gender biasedness. Also, Law excludes the domestic workers and Agricultural labourers. ·         Challenges / Reasons for Non-Compliance: o    Does not satisfactorily address accountability – who be held if provisions are not followed. o    Does not address anonymous complaints. o    Misbehaviour and unwelcome act of sexual nature are failed to be distinguished. o    Bringing up past history of women is said to be prejudice and uncomfortable for complainant. ·         Coordinating with international initiatives like CEDAW of UN and HeForShe campaigns. ·         Awareness campaigns through Media and web portals like MyGov. Need to tackle: Large size of the informal sector and lack of personnel. Bullying and Threatening by perpetrators.
Need to broaden the view on Sexual Violence:		Every form of violence threatens all women and disempowers them. Sexual violence is particularly insidious (धोखेबाज) because sexual acts are ordinarily and rightly a source of pleasure and communication. It is often unclear to a woman who has been victimized and to society as a whole whether a sexual violation was done out of sexual desire or violent intent or whether these motivations are even distinguishable, because violence itself has come to be seen as sexual. Effects of violence can remain with women and children for a lifetime, and can pass from one generation to another. Studies show that children who have witnessed, or been subjected to violence are more likely to become victims or abusers themselves.
Role of women in agriculture in India		In rural India, the percentage of women who depend on agriculture for their livelihood is as high as 84%. Women make up about 33% of cultivators and about 47% percent of agricultural labourers. Despite their hard labour in the field, women are not officially counted as farmers, and are either labelled “agricultural labourers” or “cultivators”. This is because the government does not recognise as farmers those who do not have a claim to land under their name in official records. Many of their activities are not defined as “economically active employment” in national accounts but they are essential to the wellbeing of rural households.  “Advancing rights of women farmers can revolutionise the rural ecosystem.” Land owning mothers also tend to invest more in their children’s education and health, family, hh needs, can prevent discrimination against their daughters in family, reduced domestic violence, incentive to invest in land they harvest. Various dimensions - Seldom enjoy property ownership rights directly in their names => little control over decisions made in reference to land. Impact of Male migration - Over the last decade, as farming became less and less profitable and small and marginal farmers began migrating to cities, rural jobs for full-time women daily-wage labourers (those who do not own land but work at least 183 days in a year in someone’s farm) in the agricultural sector have shrunk alarmingly. Measures taken by Government - ·         WCP: States have been asked to ensure flow of funds to the tune of 30% for the benefit of women farmers. ·         Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) - projects are conceived in such a manner that the skill base of the women in agriculture is enhanced to enable them to pursue their livelihoods on a sustainable basis ·         NREGA – rise in agriculture wage -> more hiring of women (cheap labour). Agro based MSMEs in pickles, papads, etc. ·         Cooperatives where women have successfully undertaken agriculture works;
Role of women in sustainability sector –		Sector which participates in environmental friendly activities to ensure that all processes, products and manufacturing activities adequately address environmental concerns while maintaining a profit. 70% of world’s poor are women, bringing them into mainstream will reduce their poverty and vulnerability + STEM oriented jobs would spur innovation & economic advantages. Also helps in raising Cost-effectiveness of health care & social programmers by better implementing services. In any environmental crisis the most affected section of the society is women. Thus high number of women in the sustainable sector could reduce the vulnerability of women.
%age of women working at climate and energy policy think tanks		36% at the employee-level, 33% at the leadership level and 21% at the board of trustee’s level. Though these numbers seems fairly well, they are short when we look at the data that more than 50% of the graduates from sustainability and climate-related degrees in India are women. 40% of all science graduates and 37% of all science PhD candidates are women. They make up only 16% of employees at government-run scientific research organisations and only one out of the 39 directors at CSIR laboratories. The present lack of women’s participation in most policy-making signals a gap in the resources devoted to women. More balanced and effective approaches could be developed if international climate change negotiation processes as well as national climate policies considered gender aspects.
Role of women in electoral politics in India		Women - half the section of population - bring equality in polity and better formulation of government policies especially those concerned with women issues. More women leaders could inspire and generate change among the women section of India. In the patriarchal society where women are left on male decisions, the role and necessity of women increases. Whether it be Sanitation and hygiene related aspect or behavioural change, women legislators could act as role models. However, the struggle in society that still does not accept even a third reservation for women is a big patriarchal barrier. Other barriers are illiteracy and social stigma that comes when a women works outside home, proxy politics, glass ceiling effect.
In terms of sex ratio and female literacy, Nagaland scores over Haryana. In terms of political empowerment of women Haryana scores over Nagaland.		In Nagaland: Tribal bodies, led by the apex group, Naga Ho, say 33% reservation for women would infringe upon Naga customary laws. Article 371A provides them this special status. However, article 243 (D) gives 33 per cent reservation for women. Nagaland, since it became a state, has elected only one woman MP. There is no woman MLA in Nagaland. In Haryana: Academically for Panchayat Election, men from the general category had to be matriculates, women and Scheduled Caste (SC) candidates had to have passed out of middle school, while SC women should have passed standard five. This raised criticism as it disqualified 68% of SC women and 41% of SC men. Haryana has the interesting distinction of electing the highest percentage of women representatives among all States, namely 14.44% or 13 out of the 90 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). Analysis: 1.       Point to note – the issue shows that irrespective of patriarchal setup and orthodox institutions such as Khap panchayat in Haryana, the political will power can lead the way for egalitarian society through legal measures. 2.       2011 census, female literacy in Nagaland was 76.69% as against 66.77% in Haryana. The sex ratio in Nagaland was 931 women per 1,000 men as against 879 women per 1,000 men in Haryana, which is the second lowest in the country. 3.       Clearly, there is disconnect between the low social status of women in Haryana and the comparatively higher political presence that they enjoy in representative bodies.
Sex Ratio		2011 Census revealed the welcome fact that both the child sex ratio and the overall sex ratio in Punjab had improved considerably over the previous census data. However, subsequent rounds of NFHS data show that gender bias against the girl child in terms of health coverage and nutrition is not only higher than in the developed states but also the poorer ones. Strategies to be adopted by Centre and State: ·         Welfare schemes for attitudinal changes like BBBP; Women Reservation; Monitor through video conferencing every month; Universal Health care; Special focus on pregnant and lactating mother - ICDS, JSY, JSSY etc; RMNH+, Food quality under MDM; Bio-fortified; Better implementation of NFSA.
Gender bias:		Prejudiced actions or thoughts based on gender-based perceptions that women are not equal to men.
Women in Natural Sciences, Literacy		Problems that women in the natural sciences face – Minority (needs are not/under addressed), Sexism (not at par with males), Stereotype (not a male domain), Lack of mentoring, Role models. Few Women communities in pure sciences. Special needs of married women. But if schools are available, teachers are regular and classes are held then a large proportion of girls do get sent to schools. In fact the poor are more aware and conscious that education is one route to upward social mobility. There is no wonder that female literacy is low in our country where over 1 lakh schools have just 1 teacher, 2/3 of teachers are found to be absent, teacher pupil ratio is very high and public expenditure on education is so low that India ranks 133rd (3.3%).
Sanitation and Burden on Women		Mahatma Gandhi said, ‘Sanitation is more important than political independence’. 1.       76 % of women had to travel a considerable distance to use toilet facilities. The percentage is 77 in rural and 55 in urban areas. 33 % of women have reported facing privacy concerns and assault while going out in the open => similar number of women have reduced consumption of food and water. 2.       Apart from illnesses, disruptions and deficiencies in the short -term, reduced food and water intake also causes severe long-term debilitating impacts on health, and impedes in cognitive development of girls and infants. 3.       Further women and men going out into the open have to cope also with exposure to natural elements, snakebites etc. 4.       Many girl students are reluctant to go to school or drop out of school due to absence of toilets in school. 5.       Work places which do not provide adequate sanitation and toilet facilities for women usually hamper their work efficiency.
Female Feticide Gender Justice		Economic Prosperity does not automatically lead to greater gender justice. Punjab, Haryana two prosperous states perform pretty poorly on gender indicators. Similar to education, if healthcare is not accessible or are expensive the loss is unequally of women and female children. The gain from improved access to health has been less among women than men. In Kerala where more than 90% delivery take place in medical institutions results have seen dramatic improvement. Is there a necessary connection between social progress and protection against female foeticide?
Reproductive Health, Family Planning		Why quacks?  Although abortion is legal, it is still socially unacceptable, so many women undergo (frequently fatal) abortions by quacks. Why growth in crimes against women? Subordination of and crimes against women are growing because of the prevalent gender bias and social insensitivity.
Abortion and Global Gag Rule		Doctors, midwives, and nurses could not provide abortion services with their own funds—even if it was legal in their country, or if a woman asks. Organizations that did not meet this condition lost all U.S. funding, including essential supplies of contraceptives. This was reinstated in 2017 by Trump. Bright side of this rule: Help prevent coercive abortions or involuntary sterilizations and has resulted in untimely deaths - Pregnant women are forced by families to abort foetuses. Tribal women are forced by govt hospital to undergo post-partum sterilization (die cause of hurried and unhygienic procedure). Conditional abortion - It applies only to family planning and not to attacked cases. Arguments against/ impact of the Global Gag Rule Reduce the number of agencies working in areas of reproductive health. Further degrade social condition in 3rd world countries particularly in Africa regions where Govt. does not have enough resources. Has negligible effect – Instead in Sub-Saharan Africa had higher abortion rates after Bush reinstated the gag rule, because it reduced women’s access to contraception and caused more unwanted pregnancies => also deaths due to unsafe abortions.
Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016 And Law Commission of India 228th Report		A regressive (पीछे की ओर धुमानेवाला) legislation that seeks to control women’s bodies and reinforces heteronormative notions of what a family is. 1.       Surrogacy only for couples who cannot conceive (गर्भवती होना) a child NOT in case of any other medical conditions. 2.       Surrogate and intending couple need eligibility certificates + time limit not specifiedl => regulations, excessive delegation. 3.       Not define term ‘close relative’. Further, surrogate mother (close relative) may donate her own egg for pregnancy => may lead to negative health consequences for the surrogate baby. 4.       For an abortion, in addition to complying with MTP Act, 1971, approval of the appropriate authority and the consent of the surrogate mother is required <> time limit not specified and also intending couple has no say in the consent to abort. Criticism with respect to the woman’s point of view: ·         Bill is ostensibly based on the 228th Report of LCI which called for the regulation of surrogacy given the absence of a legal framework in India. The LCI does not explicitly state what is objectionable about commercialisation. ·         With No justification to No commercialisation => bill and its core principle is taking away the rights of woman about her body. ·         While several judgments of HC across C have agreed that women who have children through surrogates are entitled to maternity benefits, there is no clarity on whether the same would be available for the surrogates themselves. All these aspects along with other issues highlights the patriarchal nature (government) of this bill.
Urbanisation and Women Migrants		The urban poor, slum dwellers, and migrants are dispossessed as a result of urban restructuring and gentrification. ·         Main chunk from rural to cities due to marriage - stressful transition. ·         Young girls migrating to city – variation in living style = self-criticism and loss of confidence. ·         Live in slums; those who are illiterate either join informal sector or stay at home = inequality, wage discrimination, sexual violence and or patriarchy continues.
Triple Talaq, Polygamy, Nikah   Halala		Triple Talaq: Cases of husbands divorcing their wives through text messages and over phones have come to light. Halala is a disputed Islamic marriage strategy practiced primarily by certain sects of Sunni Muslims, which involves a female divorcee marrying someone else, consummating the marriage and then getting a divorce inorder to make it allowable to remarry her previous husband. Polygamy was actually less prevalent among Indian Muslims (5.78%) than among Adivasis (15.25%) and Buddhists (7.9%) Hindus (5.8%). Issues faced by SC in Shayara Bano v. Union of India: Personal laws (Religious views) vs. Constitution (A13 – derogatory to FR) (A44-UCC). Gender Discrimination, Contrary to Modern Law. Legal discrimination - Burden over Women.
Section 498A Passionate advocacy by women’s rights activists resulted in the insertion of Section 498A in IPC.		The 1961 anti-dowry law sought to protect women from being killed or tortured in their marital homes by greedy husbands and in-laws. A total of 24,771 dowry deaths have occurred in India from 2012 to 2014, averaging more than 20 dowry deaths every single day. Thus, Section 498A is not only relevant but also vital for the protection of genuine victims. Criticism of Law: Law is harsh in its present form, and clearly gender-biased. In cases of failed marriages, divorce, etc. the law is often invoked to blackmail the husband and in laws. Drawing upon data from the NCRB (2005, 2012, and 2013) which records a low conviction rate, the SC drew the conclusion that most cases filed under 498A are “false”. Rajesh Sharma & Ors vs State of U.P. & Aanr case: a family welfare committee in every district to scrutinise dowry harassment cases and before making any arrest. In respect of persons ordinarily residing out of India impounding of passports or issuance of Red Corner Notice should not be a routine.
Feminism and Women's Movement		Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. We are not born patriarchal; we are socialised into becoming so. ·         School is the first prime institution to work on with. Feminism could be a powerful tool that lets children shed stereotypes that they may hold and question those of others. ·         1986 NPE [Edu] Mahila Samakhya – learning environment for women. Mission Purnashakti one such initiative for woman empowerment. ·         Cine Costume Make-Up Artist Association rule did not allow women memberships as makeup artists (1955). SC intervenes in 2014 (A14, A19(1)(g), A21) and in 2015 Charu Khanna becomes first women member. ·         West in the 1970s focused deeply on demands for equal opportunities in education and employment, as well as ending violence against women. India was inspired by it and also include dowry, sati, feticide etc. ·         Under Leadership of Ela Bhat – SEWA (women’s wing of Textile Labour Association of GJ). ·         Sati of Roop Kanwar – portrayed as attack on Indian tradition. Swami Agnivesh (Arya Samajists) opposed Sati and mobilized opinion against it. 10000 women challenged head priest Puri to prove claim of scriptural sanction of Sati. ·         Recently, in Haryana’s Rewari district school girls went on indefinite hunger strike demanding that their school be upgraded to a higher secondary school- to which the state conceded.
Study on PMUY Ujjwala Yojana		Found that the choice of energy source is closely linked with women’s participation in the management of energy resources, their opportunities to earn incomes, and their ability to negotiate the cultural and social norms of their communities. Choice of energy sources (eg: choice of shifting to LPG from firewood) depends on factors like women’s opportunities to earn income. i.e., in the absence of economic alternatives to utilize the time saved from stopping firewood procurement, there is a reluctance to change energy source.

Show in what way the Gender and Development approach differs from the women and development approach.

• The Women in Development approach was the first contemporary movement to specifically integrate women in the broader development agenda and acted as the precursor to later movements such as the Women and Development (WAD), and ultimately, the Gender and Development approach, departing from some of the criticized aspects imputed to the WID.
• The WID was also criticized for its views on the fact that women's status will improve by moving into “productive employment”, implying that the move to the “modern sector” need to be made from the “traditional” sector to achieve self-advancement, further implying that “traditional” work roles often occupied by women in the developing world were inhibiting to self-development.
• While previous thinking held that development was a vehicle to advance women, new ideas [Women and Development] suggested that development was only made possible by the involvement of women, and rather than being simply passive recipients of development aid, they should be actively involved in development projects.
• Some of the common critiques of the WAD approach include concerns that the women-only development projects would struggle, or ultimately fail, due to their scale, and the marginalized status of these women.
• Additionally, WAD has been criticized for its singular preoccupation with the productive side of women’s work, while it ignores the reproductive aspect of women’s work and lives. Value is placed on income-generating activities, and none is ascribed to social and cultural reproduction.
• Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not concerned specifically with women, but with the way in which a society assigns roles, responsibilities and expectations to both women and men.
• In response to pervasive gender inequalities, Beijing Platform for Action established gender mainstreaming in 1995 as a strategy across all policy areas at all levels of governance for achieving gender equality.
• GAD has been criticized for emphasizing the social differences between men and women while neglecting the bonds between them and also the potential for changes in roles. 

Self-Help Groups are considered one of the most significant tools to adopt participatory approach for economic empowerment of women. Comment.

• SHG is a [homogenous] group of people that meets regularly to discuss issues of interest to them and to look at solutions of commonly experienced problems. The group may or may not be promoted by Government or non-Government institutions.
• Objectives of SHG: To inculcate the savings and banking habits among members. To enable availing of loan for productive purposes. To gain from collective wisdom in organising and managing their own finance and distributing the benefits among themselves.
• SHGs organise very poor people who do not have access to financial system in the organised sector. In groups, normally transparency and accountability are lacking. However, in a group like SHG, they are ensured through collective action of the members. 
• The Ninth Plan Document (1997-2000) also laid emphasis on the participation of people in the planning process, and the promotion of SHG.

To me the female sex is not the weaker sex. It is the nobler of the two. Gandhi.

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Ministry: of Women and Child Development
Autonomous Bodies: CARA [Cent's Adoption Resource Auth] Delhi, NIPCCD [Nat'l Inst of Pub Coop and Child Dev], RMK [Rashtriya Mahila Kosh]
Statutory Bodies: NCW [Nat'l Comm 4 Women]
Commissions: NCPCR [Nat'l Comm 4 prot of Child rights]

Labour Skill Development and Employment (MoLE, MoSD) - India Year Book 2016 (Notes)
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Labor reforms : impr pdtn, pdtv, empl opport in IE (Indian Economy)

1. Minimum Wages Act 1948
2. Payment of Wages Act 1936
3. Payment of Bonus Act 1965
4. Equal Remuneration Act 1976
5. Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act 2008
6. Factories Act 1948
7. Trade Union Act 1926
8. Wage boards - tripartite - employee, workers, indep mem (for Newsp, Journ - statutory)

Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Sramev Jayate Karyakram

1. Shhram Suvidha Portal
2. Universal A/c # (UAN)
3. Randop inspetion scheme
4. Apprentice Protshahn Yojana
5. Revamped RSBY

Rashtriya Swastha Bima Yojana (Nat'l Health insurance sch):

a. for BPL hh (a unit of 5) in unorgz sector
b. smartcard based cashless insurance cover by CG:SG
Benf: Cover Rs30k on family floater basis, cashless attendance of all covered ailments, tx costs

• Child Labour (refer Polity) - root cause = poverty and illiteracy, govt role - w/d 4m work and put in schools
• Women LFPR ~ 23% source Labour Bureau
• Unorganised Worker - home/self/wage worker not covered in any other acts
• Unorgz sector suffers 1. excessive seasonality of empl, 2. lack of formal employee-/er r/ship, 3. absence of SS protection
• Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana for landless Rural households
• Workers in factories - 48hr/wk, shelters, lunchroom, creche
• NSSO survey quinquennial (5yrs) - Employment/Un data since 1950
• Labour bureau survey annual (1yr) - " since 2009

Amendment to Plantations Labour ACT - include contract workers, make defn of family gender neutral, proh child empl <14yrs, medical facilt for laborers

National Policy on Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015 (umbrella framework) , MoSDE

• Defn - to meet the challenge of skilling at scale w/ speed and standard (quality)
• Schemes under skill dev:
• PMKVY Kausal Vikas Yojana - monetary reward on successf complt, assessm, certf - to moblz large# Indian youth
• Udaan - spel indus initiative for skill training of youth of J&K - bw Corporates of India & MHA
• STAR Std Trng Assessm & Reward Scheme
• Vocaionaliz of education (Secondayr, Higher)
• NCS National Career Service Portal - intro ICT in delivery of services - no need to go Employment Xch

OSCC [One Stop Crisis Centres]-> all districts post Badaun case; medical, legal, and police aid;
Adoption easy & child friendly by revis CARA; CARINGS, info on children, status @CWC, n lawyer etc. [June 2014]

January 2015: Sexual Violence against W&C in India

• (POCSO) Act, enacted 14 Nov 2012 amended 2013
• comee headed by late Justice J.S. Verma after Jan 2013 Delhi incident
• made the law gender neutral: victim(<18)/acc can be both M/F
• widend def of sexual violence: beyond peno-vaginal penetration
• aggravated offence if grave harm/by person in authority
• non-bailable and cognisable and trial by Court of Sessions
• Manodhairya Scheme (Mah) for victims of rape and acid attacks, compens+legal asst

Bharatiya Mahila Bank – 2013; IniCap: Rs 1000cr; Companies Act

• Finan Ser bank comp, NDel; Obj: Banking needs of women; Econ Empowerm
• 4 both M/F: predom Woman; offers on select A/C higher IR ~5%
• India 3rd C after Pakistan 7 Tanzania- women excl bank
• Isnt treating women differently? Discrim in name of prefer treatm
• Promo asset ownersip amng women cust;
• Usha Anathasubramaniam-CMD (2015)

Welfare Schemes for Women:

• Rashtriya Mahila Kosh est 1993 – credit avbl 2 lower inc women; Auton- Mo W&CD;
• MCTS 2009: mother & child pre-post preg ser
• Maitritva Sahyog Yojana 2010: preg & lact women age >=19 for 1st 2 live births
• Sabla 2012 adoloscent girls; educa; nutria; health; self reliant, etc
• Priyadarshini 2011: women access 2 SHG